where AIDS or HIV came from?

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The earliest reported case of AIDS was believed to have been in a seaman from Manchester England in 1959 (Kuby & Auleb).

The man died of an immunodeficiency associated infection. Some tissue from the dead seaman, which had been preserved in paraffin blocks, showed that DNA from HIV was in cells from his bone marrow, spleen, kidney and pharyngeal mucosa. In 1998 it was determined that the specimen had been contaminated during the investigation. However, there is another case of HIV infection dating back to 1959. In scanning 1200-stored plasma samples from various parts of Africa, one tested positive for HIV antibodies. The sample came from an HIV-infected Bantu man in Kinshasa (Congo). They were able to detect HIV DNA in the sample as well. The earliest known presence of HIV in the US was in 1969 in a teenager whose cause of death involved immune deficiency. The earliest case in Europe was in a Danish surgeon who had worked in Zaire and died in 1976.

There are many theories of how HIV developed, ranging from plausible and worthy notions to wacky inconceivable ideas. One notion conceives HIV as human made--for conspiracy theories, such as: the US Government created HIV and Ebola virus; it was a Soviet plot; or the CIA developed it. A different opinion accepts HIV as an animal-origin virus, which came from cats or evolved from monkey viruses. Another notion is that it existed in rural populations, subsequently evolving and spreading with urbanization. With urbanization there is an increase in the transmission of many diseases (including STDs), and in the importance of transmission through drug use.

Many scientists now believe that AIDS appears to have started in Africa. The fact that several monkey and chimpanzee species found in Africa are infected with retroviruses that are closely related to HIV has led to the speculation that HIV arose from a simian (monkey or chimpanzee) derived retrovirus. Several hypotheses have been put forward as possible mechanisms by which the simian-derived strain of the retrovirus, SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus), may have been introduced into humans. SIV seems to cause no illness in chimpanzees, even though humans and chimpanzees are 98% genetically similar (Altman). Mutation of the simian-derived SIV strain may then have yielded a strain not only capable of replication in human cells but also far more pathogenic in humans.

There are several ways by which humans may have become infected by a simian retrovirus. One hypothesis believes its emergence came from human use of monkeys. HIV-2 is very closely related to a strain of SIV found in sooty mangabees and the location of sooty mangabees in West Africa coincides with the incidence of HIV-2. There is evidence that sooty mangabees are occasionally killed and eaten in this region. A hypothesis suggested by F. Noireau in 1987 suggested cross-species transfer of SIV to humans might have occurred when monkey blood was applied to human genitals after pubertal circumcision. Such practices could have eventually led to the emergence of a new strain of SIV capable of infecting humans and causing AIDS. Based on the DNA sequences of SIV and HIV-1 and HIV-2, it appears that SIV may have given rise to HIV-2. The origin of HIV-1 is unknown but it is presumed to have arisen from another monkey virus. It is thought that HIV may have begun to spread in Africa after the Second World War when medical personnel began to administer antibiotics by syringe. Syringes were often limited in supply and were generally reused. HIV could then easily be transmitted from an infected individual to an uninfected individual. The virus then might be carried from a rural population into an urban population where it would continue to spread by sexual contact, transfusions etc. It is possible that individuals would have died of some opportunistic infection like Pneumocystis Carinii pneumoma, and no one would have known it was AIDS.

Another hypothesis suggests HIV introduction by early malaria research. According to Charles Gilles, a British tropical disease expert, the early malaria research took blood from chimpanzees, sooty mangabees and macaques to vaccinate human volunteers against malaria; if this blood was infected with strains of SIV it might have infected the human volunteers and slowly mutated to give rise to HIV-1 or HIV-2.

Or, the entrance of HIV in humans may have occurred via a polio vaccine. Early polio vaccines may have been contaminated with SIV. Introduction of the polio vaccine into humans may then have provided a vehicle for massive cross-species transfer of SIV into humans. Dr. Jonas Salk developed the first widely used polio vaccine in 1954. His vaccine used ultraviolet light and formaldehyde fixation to inactivate (kill) the polio virus. A live, attenuated polio vaccine was developed by Dr. Albert Sabin, and human vaccination trials with that vaccine began in 1956. The attenuated vaccine was acquired by repeated growth of the virus in monkeys, of monkey kidney cells, until a weakened, but living virus was isolated. A weakened virus had certain advantages over the inactivated vaccine. Because the virus was alive, it could grow in human cells for a limited time, inducing a more pronounced immune response. During the same period an oral, attenuated, vaccine was also developed by Dr. Hillary Koprowski. His vaccine was the first vaccine given to a large population; in 1957 the vaccine was administered via an oral spray to over a quarter of a million individuals in the Belgian Congo (known as Zaire and more recently as The Republic of The Congo). In 1958, vaccination continued with 75,000 children in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa, Zaire) receiving the vaccine (Hooper).

Each of the early polio vaccines were derived from the poliovirus grown in monkeys and monkey kidney cells, unfortunately, additional monkey viruses were also harvested. In the Salk vaccine the progress of inactivation of the polio virus by formaldehyde fixation generally inactivated many contaminating viruses. However, one contaminant virus that was not inactivated was the retrovirus simian virus 40 (SV40; named because it was the fortieth simian virus found contaminating the early polio vaccine). In the Sabin and Kaprowaki vaccines, the polio virus was not inactivated and even more live contaminating viruses were harvested along with the polio virus. Koprowski's vaccine was developed in minced rhesus macaque monkey kidneys to weaken the virus. Later, the rhesus macaque monkey was shown to be the natural host for SV40. Koprowski then switched to the African green monkey to grow the vaccine. Although the African green monkey was free of SV 40, it may have been the source of an even more serious contaminating virus, SIV or another precursor to HIV.

If SIV was introduced into humans by means of the oral polio vaccine, there are still several questions about the polio vaccine being the source of HIV-1 infection. SIV is more closely related to HIV-2 than HIV-1, but it is HIV-infection that is widespread in Zaire, not HIV-2 infection. The earliest recorded case of AIDS was the Bantu man in 1959. If he became infected from someone in Africa in 1957 or 1958, then the man must have died very soon after infection. HIV is far more pathogenic than SIV. How did the virus become so pathogenic in humans? There are numerous examples of viruses of low pathogenicity having increased pathogenicity when introduced into another species. For example, canine papovavirus, a virus that causes damage to the heart and intestinal tissues in dogs, is thought to have arisen from an attenuated cat vaccine. Although the vaccine is a weakened virus for cats, its introduction into dogs appears to greatly increase in pathogenicity to them. Another example of increased viral pathogenicity across species lines was observed during the development of the polio vaccine. In 1932, a polio researcher was bitten by a monkey, contracted monkey B virus and died (Hooper). In monkeys this herpes family virus causes mild fever blisters, but in humans the virus results in paralysis and death.

The origin of AIDS may never be uncovered for certain, but in the quest for the truth, there is a gain in appreciation of how it was started-- the where and the when are usually steps toward understanding how to combat a virus.

and now please read this to know more:

What is HIV?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV is a virus. Viruses infect the cells of living organisms and replicate (make new copies of themselves) within those cells. A virus can damage the cells it replicates in, which is one of the things that can make an infected creature become ill.

People can become infected with HIV from other people who already have it, and when they are infected they can then go on to infect other people. Basically, this is how HIV is spread.

HIV stands for the 'Human Immunodeficiency Virus'. Someone who is infected with HIV is said to be 'HIV+' or 'HIV positive'.

Why is HIV dangerous?
The immune system is a group of cells and organs that protect your body by fighting disease. The human immune system usually finds and kills viruses fairly quickly.

So if the body's immune system attacks and kills viruses, what's the problem?

Different viruses attack different parts of the body - some may attack the skin, others the lungs, and so on. The common cold is caused by a virus. What makes HIV so dangerous is that it attacks the immune system itself - the very thing that would normally get rid of a virus. It particularly attacks a special type of immune system cell known as a CD4 lymphocyte.

HIV has a number of tricks that help it to evade the body's defences, including very rapid mutation. This means that once HIV has taken hold, the immune system can never fully get rid of it.

There isn't any way to tell just by looking if someone's been infected by HIV. However a blood test can detect infection from a few weeks after the virus first entered the body. A person infected with HIV may look and feel perfectly well for many years and may not know that they are infected. But as the person's immune system weakens they become increasingly vulnerable to illnesses, many of which they would previously have fought off easily.

And what's AIDS?
A damaged immune system is not only more vulnerable to HIV, but also to the attacks of other infections. It won't always have the strength to fight off things that wouldn't have bothered it before.

As time goes by, a person who has been infected with HIV is likely to become ill more and more often until, usually several years after infection, they become ill with one of a number of particularly severe illnesses. It is at this point that they are said to have AIDS - when they first become seriously ill, or when the number of immune system cells left in their body drops below a particular point. Different countries have slightly different ways of defining the point at which a person is said to have AIDS rather than HIV.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is an extremely serious condition, and at this stage the body has very little defence against any sort of infection.

How long does HIV take to become AIDS?
Without drug treatment, HIV infection usually progresses to AIDS in an average of ten years. This average, though, is based on a person having a reasonable diet. Someone in a resource-poor area who might not be adequately nourished may well progress to AIDS and death much more rapidly.

Antiretroviral medication can prolong the time between HIV infection and the onset of AIDS. Modern combination therapy is highly effective and, theoretically, someone with HIV can live for a long time before it becomes AIDS. These medicines, however, are not widely available in many poor countries around the world, and millions of people who cannot access medication continue to die.

How is HIV passed on?
HIV is found in the blood and the sexual fluids of an infected person, and in the breast milk of an infected woman. HIV transmission occurs when sufficient of these fluids get inside someone else's body. There are various ways a person can become infected with HIV.

Ways in which you can be infected with HIV :
Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person
Sexual intercourse without a condom is risky, because the virus, which is present in an infected person's sexual fluids, can pass directly into the body of their partner. This is true for unprotected vaginal and anal sex. Oral sex carries a lower risk, but again HIV transmission can occur here if a condom is not used - for example, if one partner has bleeding gums or an open cut, however small, in their mouth.
Contact with an infected person's blood
If sufficient blood from an infected person enters the body of an uninfected person then it can pass on the virus.
From mother to child
HIV can be transmitted from an infected woman to her baby during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding. There are special drugs that can greatly reduce the chances of this happening, but they are unavailable in much of the developing world.
Use of infected blood products
Many people in the past have been infected with HIV by the use of blood transfusions and blood products which were contaminated with the virus - in hospitals, for example. In much of the world this is no longer a risk, as blood donations are routinely tested.
Injecting drugs
People who use illegal injected drugs are also vulnerable to HIV infection. In many parts of the world, often because it is illegal to possess them, injecting equipment or works are shared. A tiny amount of blood can transmit HIV, and can be injected directly into the bloodstream with the drugs.
It is not possible to become infected with HIV through :
sharing crockery and cutlery
insect / animal bites
touching, hugging or shaking hands
eating food prepared by someone with HIV
toilet seats
HIV myths

People with HIV look just like everybody elseAround the world, there are a number of different myths about HIV and AIDS. Here are some of the more common ones :

'You would have to drink a bucket of infected saliva to become infected yourself' . . . Yuck! This is a typical myth. HIV is found in saliva, but in quantities too small to infect someone. If you drink a bucket of saliva from a positive person, you won't become infected. There has been only one recorded case of HIV transmission via kissing, out of all the many millions of recorded cases. In this case, both partners had extremely badly bleeding gums.

'Sex with a virgin can cure HIV' . . . This myth is common in some parts of Africa, and it is totally untrue. The myth has resulted in many rapes of young girls and children by HIV+ men, who often infect their victims. Rape won't cure anything - and is a serious crime all around the world.

'It only happens to gay men / black people / young people, etc' . . . This myth is false. Most people who become infected with HIV didn't think it'd happen to them, and were wrong.

'HIV can pass through latex' . . . Some people have been spreading rumours that the virus is so small that it can pass through 'holes' in latex used to make condoms. This is untrue. Latex blocks HIV, as well as sperm - preventing pregnancy, too.

What does 'safe sex' mean?
Safe sex refers to sexual activities which do not involve any blood or sexual fluid from one person getting into another person's body. If two people are having safe sex then, even if one person is infected, there is no possibility of the other person becoming infected. Examples of safe sex are cuddling, mutual masturbation, 'dry' (or 'clothed') sex . . .

In many parts of the world, particularly the USA, people are taught that the best form of safe sex is no sex - also called 'sexual abstinence'. Abstinence isn't a form of sex at all - it involves avoiding all sexual activity. Usually, young people are taught that they should abstain sexually until they marry, and then remain faithful to their partner. This is a good way for someone to avoid HIV infection, as long as their husband or wife is also completely faithful and doesn't infect them.

What is 'safer sex'?
Safer sex is used to refer to a range of sexual activities that hold little risk of HIV infection.

Safer sex is often taken to mean using a condom for sexual intercourse. Using a condom makes it very hard for the virus to pass between people when they are having sexual intercourse. A condom, when used properly, acts as a physical barrier that prevents infected fluid getting into the other person's bloodstream.

Is kissing risky?
Kissing someone on the cheek, also known as social kissing, does not pose any risk of HIV transmission.

Deep or open mouthed kissing is considered a very low risk activity for transmission of HIV. This is because HIV is present in saliva but only in very minute quantities, insufficient to lead to HIV infection alone.

There has only been one documented instance of HIV infection as a result of kissing out of all the millions of cases recorded. This was as a result of infected blood getting into the mouth of the other person during open mouthed kissing, and in this instance both partners had seriously bleeding gums.

Can anything 'create' HIV?
No. Unprotected sex, for example, is only risky if one partner is infected with the virus. If your partner is not carrying HIV, then no type of sex or sexual activity between you is going to cause you to become infected - you can't 'create' HIV by having unprotected anal sex, for example.

You also can't become infected through masturbation. Nothing you do on your own is going to give you HIV - it can only be transmitted from another person who already has the virus.

Is there a cure?

HIV medication can slow the progress of the virusWorryingly, surveys show that many people think that there's a 'cure' for AIDS - which makes them feel safer, and perhaps take risks that they otherwise shouldn't. These people are wrong, though - there is still no cure for AIDS.

There is antiretroviral medication which slows the progression from HIV to AIDS, and which can keep some people healthy for many years. In some cases, the antiretroviral medication seems to stop working after a number of years, but in other cases people can recover from AIDS and live with HIV for a very long time. But they have to take powerful medication every day of their lives, sometimes with very unpleasant side effects.

But there is still no way to cure HIV, and at the moment the only way to remain safe is not to become infected.

hope all this help you dear

Other Answers:
From the white man

nature. it's the planet's way to take out the garbage.

from those white people who usually have sex with animals ( monkeys )

It came from the African Green Monkey. AIDS and HIV have been in Africa a long time - nobody ever paid any attention.

It comes from others .while having sexual intercourse with them,whiel sharing niddles with them. it may come from a hiv infected mother to an new bron baby.try not to have this incurable thing anywhere near your life

It has the same gene sequence as bovine visna virus so I think the monkey story is damage control. Genetic information is good enough to put you on death row in a criminal trial yet fails to identify HIV genesis? I dont think so.
Dr. R.J. Biggar said in Lancet: "... The AIDS agent... could not have originated de novo." That means in plain English that it didn't come out of thin air, AIDS was engineered in a laboratory by urologists. It couldn't engineer itself. As Doctor Strecker so colourfully puts it: "If a person has no arms or legs and shows up at a party in a tuxedo, how did he get dressed? Somebody dressed him."
HIV used to be called human T cell lymphoma III and was renamed human immuno virus I. If you study human T cell lymphoma I and II you will see they also are bovine viruses. - Bovine leukemia virus and bovine cincitial (sp?) virus. They probably made the species jump in a lab. If you think they will admit it then you are smoking some potent stuff. Perhaps they renamed it so you wouldnt see the connection to I and II

OK! Jame, we get it!

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where AIDS or HIV came from?

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