Inwhat conditions does the cardiac output increases either normally or pathologically?


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The cardiac output can be abnormally high for a number of reasons. If you have a severe infection and sepsis, the cardiac output will be elevated. Additionally, it will be elevated if there is a shunt which allows blood to pass directly from the arterial system to the venous system. This is commonly seen in people who are on dialysis for kidney failure, where the shunt was created. It may also be seen due to a pathologic (abnormal shunt).
Stress, exercise and caffeine.


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