What is the difference between Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease?
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Huntington's disease (HD) results from genetically programmed degeneration of brain cells, called neurons, in certain areas of the brain. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance. HD is a familial disease, passed from parent to child through a mutation in the normal gene. Each child of an HD parent has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the HD gene. If a child does not inherit the HD gene, he or she will not develop the disease and cannot pass it to subsequent generations. A person who inherits the HD gene will sooner or later develop the disease. Whether one child inherits the gene has no bearing on whether others will or will not inherit the gene. Some early symptoms of HD are mood swings, depression, irritability or trouble driving, learning new things, remembering a fact, or making a decision. As the disease progresses, concentration on intellectual tasks becomes increasingly difficult and the patient may have difficulty feeding himself or herself and swallowing. The rate of disease progression and the age of onset vary from person to person. A genetic test, coupled with a complete medical history and neurological and laboratory tests, help physician's diagnose HD. Presymptomic testing is available for individuals who are at risk for carrying the HD gene. In 1 to 3 percent of individuals with HD, no family history of HD can be found.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by an insidious onset with slowing of emotional and voluntary movement, muscular rigidity, postural abnormality and tremor. Parkinson's disease was first described in 1817 by James Parkinson in a paper entitled "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy" (photos courtesy of the National Library of Medicine). It is a common neurological disorder with a prevalence of 1-2 per 1000 overall. However the incidence rises after the age of 50, such that 1-2% of the elderly in the UK are affected. The disease is due to the striatal deficiency of dopamine following neuronal degeneration within the substantia nigra.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is generally a clinical one (see CLINICAL FEATURES listed below), however modern imaging techniques may have a role in the future in differentiating different Parkinsonian syndromes or in the pre-clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. For example, by using fluoro-dopa PET imaging, one can clearly see in the Parkinsonian patient the markedly impaired fluoro-dopa uptake in the region of the caudate and putamen.
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